Exploring the Security Landscape of Underwater Positioning and Navigation Systems: An Attack Surface Analysis
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Abstract—Underwater positioning and navigation systems are vital for maritime operations but face significant security threats like spoofing, jamming, interception, sensor manipulation, and algorithm exploitation. This paper categorizes underwater nav-igation techniques (acoustic, GPS buoys, multi-sensor fusion, vision-based, hybrid) and analyzes their potential attack surfaces. To mitigate these threats, a multi-layered defense strategy is proposed, encompassing cryptographic authentication, secure communications, physical security, sensor redundancy, data vali-dation, image authentication, and algorithm robustness. Specific countermeasures against jamming, spoofing, interception, sensor attacks, and algorithm attacks are discussed. A holistic approach integrating secure software practices, anomaly detection, and fusion technique diversity is emphasized to fortify system re-silience against advanced persistent threats, ensuring maritime safety and security. This research contributes to understanding security vulnerabilities and providing a comprehensive mitigation framework for enhancing the resilience of underwater navigation systems.
